Bipolar Disorder and Genetic Predisposition - 1997 Words

Bipolar Disorder: A Case of Bad Genes? December 13, 2011 Abstract Bipolar disorder, formerly known as manic depression, is a mood disorder in which a person experiences alternating episodes of both depression and mania. Bipolar disorder affects 1 in 100 people in the world. Throughout history, scientists and physicians have tried to find the exact cause of the disorder, but only in the last 30 years been able to confirm genetics as a culprit. Advances in research have enabled scientists to accurately pinpoint genetic variants that can alter each patient’s reaction to certain medication and treatment methods. Scientists are studying the genetic underpinnings of bipolar disorder in order one day, in the future, to be able to†¦show more content†¦(Altshuler et al., 2010) In some cases, substance abuse has become a way of self-medicating instead of dealing with the side effects of prescribed medications to combat the symptoms of bipolar disorder. The Causes of Bipolar Disorder: A Thousand Years of Theories and Research Throughout history, there have been many ideas and theories on what causes bipolar disorder. Greek physician Hippocrates believed â€Å"dysregulation of four bodily fluids, blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm† (Walden amp; Gruze, 2004) were the cause in the rapid mood change. During the second century, Galen hypothesized that the cause of the disorder began in the brain. Not more than forty years ago, bipolar disorder was believed to be the result of bad parenting. Over the last 120 years, researchers have concluded that the disorder is genetic, although others will argue that genetics is not the only factor. In the 1890’s scientists, used phenomenology to determine genetics was a factor, in the 1930’s they began using twin and adoption studies to further prove their hypothesis of genetic involvement in the development of bipolar disorder. Linkage studies began in the late 1960’s but really transformed with the introduction of molecular markers in genetic mapping twenty years later. Currently researchers are focusing more on genome-wide studies and narrowing down particular variants on different genes. (McMahon, 2007) AlthoughShow MoreRelatedSuicide and the Leading Causes1076 Words   |  5 Pageswere reported in 2010 alone (Facts and Figures, 2014). That number made suicide the 10th leading cause of death in the United States (Facts and Figures, 2014). The staggering number of people committing suicide made me wonder what kind of genetic predisposition some people may have to carry out such an act. People who have relatives who have committed or who have attempted to commit suicide are 50% more likely to attempt suicide (Zai, 2012). There could be a simple explanation for this phenomenonRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Bipolar Disorder Essay1278 Words   |  6 Pages26, 2016 Abstract: Bipolar Disorder Bipolar disorder is a mood disorder; also referred to as manic depressive disorder according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V, 2013). Bipolar disorder is a depressive disorder with manic episodes, it is placed between the chapters on schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders in recognition of their place as a bridge between the two diagnostics in terms of symptomology, family history, and genetics (DSM-V, 2013). ManicRead MoreEssay Bipolar Disorder1447 Words   |  6 PagesBipolar Disorder Bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive illness affects about 1.2 percent of the U.S. population (8). It is defined by fluctuating states of depression and mania throughout ones life. Those who are depressed may be restless, irritable, have slowed thinking or speech, decreased sexual activity, changes in appetite and sleep patterns, suicidal thoughts as well as other changes. Those in a manic state may have increased activity or energy, more thoughts and faster thinkingRead More Mood Disorder Essay1660 Words   |  7 Pages As many as 19 million Americans million are affected by mood disorders ( The two main types of mood disorders are bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder which are described as disturbances in mood, behavior and emotion.â€Å" Bipolar disorder is a complex disorder in which the core feature is pathological disturbance in mood ranging from extreme elation, or mania, to severe depression usually accompanied by disturbances in thinking and behavior, which may include psychotic symptoms, such as delusionsRead MoreBipolar Disorder Essay1129 Words   |  5 Pages Furthermore, inflammation is linked with bipolar disorder and can explain some of the comorbidities such as diabetes, heart disease, and obesity, that result in decreased life expectancy. Inflammatory molecules are produced in the periphery by immune cells such as helper T cells and macrophages, in response to pathogens or cell damage. The proinflammatory molecules produced in the body can stimulate the microglia and other neuroimmune cells, by entering the brain through regions where the bloodRead MoreAmanda Bynes Psychological Perspective Essay678 Words   |  3 PagesSchizophrenia, and Bipolar Disorder. Finally, after several outrageous months, Bynes was, â€Å"placed under an involuntary hold,† known as the 5150 psychiatric hold, in Los Angeles, California. The UCLA Medical Center came to a conclusion and diagnosed Amanda Bynes with both, a bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. Bynes’ disorder can be applicable based on several different perspectives such as the bi ological, and the social cognitive. Schizophrenia is a severe psychological disorder in which the personRead MoreBipolar Disorder : Psychological Trauma And Neurobiological Abnormalities1627 Words   |  7 PagesIn Letters from a Bipolar Mother Alyssa Reyans states, â€Å"bipolar robs you of that which is you. It can take from you the very core of your being and replace it with something that is completely opposite of who and what you truly are.† Individuals diagnosed with bipolar disorder are often misdiagnosed because bipolar is such a complex disorder that contains symptoms of other mental illnesses. Bipolar disorder is a debilitating mental illness that consists of multiple different forms, each with theirRead MoreBipolar Disorder ( Bipolar )1010 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction/Overview of Condition Bipolar Disorder (BD) is a severe mental illness (SMI) characterized by dramatic mood â€Å"swings† between manic and depressed states. In their manic states, individuals experience an abnormally elevated mood characterized by extreme, grandiose gestures and ideas, inflated self-esteem, lack of sleep, constant talking, distractibility, poor judgement, and even aggression (Griggs). Individuals can be characterized as having either a hypomanic episode or a manic episodeRead MoreSocial Services For At Risk Clients1732 Words   |  7 PagesSocial Services for At-Risk Clients: The Case of Alice Doe and her Bipolar Disorder / Substance Abuse Dual Diagnosis The purpose of this report is to create a social services delivery plan for an at-risk client named Alice Doe. Alice has a history of drug abuse yet has been clean and sober for several years. Alice also suffers from bipolar disorder. In recent times, she has experienced setbacks due to the stress created when her daughter and grandchild moved in with her. To make matters evenRead MoreClass Presentation Notes : Bipolar Disorder1384 Words   |  6 PagesBipolar Disorder Class Presentation Notes Define illness: Bipolar disorder, also called manic-depressive illness, is a mental disorder characterised by extreme shifts in mood, as well as fluctuations in energy and activity levels. Someone with bipolar will experience episodes of low mood (major depression) and times of high or elevated mood (mania or hypomania). Bipolar episodes are essentially drastic mood changes, and last at least one week. These episodes can affect a person s thoughts, feelings

Ethics And Ethics Is It And What Does It Mean Essay

Ethics, what is it and what does it mean? The laymen term for ethics is simply defined as â€Å" doing what is right† but, what does that mean? The meaning of â€Å" ethics† is open to interpretation. What is right for one person may not be viewed as being right to another. Ethics has been termed by scholars in different ways. Rule –based ethics is popular among public and private entities alike. Mid to low level employees feel they are protected from wrong or nefarious dealings, if they follow the organizations rules. Rule-based ethics extends outward to following the rules ones’ culture and religion as well. The problem with rule-based ethics is acting legally is not always acting ethically. For example, playing on people’s emotions for personal gain or treating subordinates as a disposable object is not illegal but it is not necessarily ethical. Value-based ethics is governed by the assumption that people have a core set of values that he or she live by. If a person’s behavior matches their values this can be construed as living ethically. Segregation exposes the fundamental flaw in value-based ethics. To use a segregated bathroom at one time was illegal, to make a stand and use a segregated bathroom anyways is viewed as ethical. Situational ethics is employed on a daily basis whether its utilization is a conciseness or not. This form of ethics is employed on a situation-to-situation basis. We as human beings are faced with a plethora of decisions everyday; some are identical butShow MoreRelatedWhat Does Ethics Mean? Essay824 Words   |  4 PagesSpeaking Years ago, sociologist Raymond Baumhart was researching ethics; he asked a test group of business people, â€Å"What does ethics mean to you?† The group had several different answers: â€Å"Ethics has to do with my religious beliefs.† â€Å"Ethics has to do with what my feelings tell me is right or wrong.† â€Å"Being ethical is doing what the law requires.† â€Å"Ethics consist of the standards of behavior our society accepts.† â€Å"I don’t know what the word means.† The answers of the test group may be representative ofRead MoreWhat Does Ethics Mean?987 Words   |  4 PagesWhat does Ethics mean? While there are many different meanings for ethics, one main meaning is, realistic assessments about the world that inform upon the grounding of normativity. Ethics focuses on the â€Å"right† and the â€Å"wrong.† Altruism theory is defined as a person acting from the motivation of principle or duty rather than from the motivation of any personal advantage (Page 45) and Deontology is a moral theory that emphasizes one’s duty to do a particular action just because the action, itselfRead MoreWhat Does The Word Ethics Mean?908 Words   |  4 PagesWhat does the word ethics mean? Ethics according to google is the rules of conduct recognized in respect to a particular class of human actions or a particular group, culture, etc. So now my question to you is ethics only some people’s responsibility or is it everyone’s responsibility to maintain? Ethics can be an extremely grey area, however, some would argue that it is not a grey area in fact it is simple. However, I disagree. Ethics depending on one’s point of view of a situation can determineRead MoreEthics In The Workplace Essay1713 Words   |  7 PagesEthics in the Workplace What is ethics? Is ethics an ability that grows in us from a child or does our parents teaches us ethics? According to dictionary.com, states that the word ethics means, the code of good conducts for an individual or group. Ethics also means, simply stated, that ethics refers to standards of behavior that tell us how human beings ought to act in the many situations in which they find themselves-as friends, parents, children, citizens, businesspeople, teachers, professionalsRead MoreIslamic and Catholic Views on Genetic Engineering1265 Words   |  6 Pagesaffected by the technology. (What is the Catholic view on genetic engineering? - Mary Meets Dolly. 12/ 05/ 2014.) The Catholic Church In 1983, Pope John Paul II mentioned in an address â€Å"genetic enhancement was permissible- indeed, laudable- even from a Catholic point of view, as long as it met certain basic moral rules. Among those rules: that these therapies be available to all. Ensuring equality of care may become inseparable from ensuring equality of opportunity.† (What is the Catholic view onRead MoreThe Ethics Of Virtue Ethics925 Words   |  4 PagesVirtue ethics is a normative theory whose foundations were laid by Aristotle. This theory approaches normative ethics in substantially different ways than consequentialist and deontological theories. In this essay, I will contrast and compare virtue ethics to utilitarianism, ethical egoism, and Kantianism to demonstrate these differences. There is one fundamental aspect of virtue ethics that sets it apart from the other theories I will discuss. For the sake of brevity and to avoid redundancy, I willRead MoreEthics Paper1177 Words   |  5 PagesEthic s Paper Week 1 Assignment Rheana Willis 01/08/2012 Dilemma Choice 2: A married couple, both addicted to drugs, are unable to care for their infant daughter. She is taken from them by court order and placed in a foster home. The years pass. She comes to regard her foster parents as her real parents. They love her as they would their own daughter. When the child is 9 years old, the natural parents, rehabilitated from drugs, begin court action to regain custody. The case is decided in theirRead MoreAristotle Virtue Ethics Summary1075 Words   |  5 PagesAristotle outlined his theory of Virtue Ethics in his book Nicomachean Ethics. Aristotle focused his idea of ethics on agents rather than acts. His main idea is focused on the idea of human character- how can you be a better person? In fact, Aristotle once said: â€Å"For we are enquiring not in order to know what virtue is, but in order to become good, since otherwise our enquiry would be of no use.† Aristotle is given the credit for developing the idea of virtue ethics, but many of P latos cardinal valuesRead MoreCritique Nigel Dowers Perspective Of Ethical Development And Globalization1722 Words   |  7 Pagesinclude what those goods often include - natural resources. The depletion of natural resources, especially trees, is one contributor to climate change and global warming. In this paper, I will critique Nigel Dower’s perspective of ethical development and globalization through the lens of John Broome’s Climate Matters: Ethics in a Warming World. In this paper, I will critique Nigel Dower’s perspective of ethical development and globalization through the lens of John Broome’s Climate Matters: Ethics inRead MoreVirtues Of Happiness Moral Ethics856 Words   |  4 PagesVirtues of Happiness Moral Ethics An individual’s virtue ethics does not depend on the society that they live in, the spirituality that they follow, or their culture/upbringing; but they depend exclusively on the individuals themselves. Aristotle introduced moral ethics theory in his Nicomachean Ethics books. The idea of ethics is questioning long term goals, ‘what sort of person do I want to be’ instead of instantaneous decisions that question ‘what should I do in this situation?’ Virtues are

The aim of this paper is to discuss achievement in South Africa Free Essays

The aim of this paper is to discuss achievement in South Africa since 1976 in terms of youth and revolutionary morality as well as youth and class. During the Soweto Uprising, the youth of South Africa has firmly established itself on the national political scene: ‘[I]n 1976, South Africa’s youth took center stage and remained there throughout the unrest and strife of the 1980s and the political transformation of the 1990s. In fact, many observers see 1976 as the political watershed that culminated in the country’s first democratic elections in 1994. We will write a custom essay sample on The aim of this paper is to discuss achievement in South Africa or any similar topic only for you Order Now A direct line can be drawn between the Soweto uprising of 1976 and these elections’ (Slabbert et. al., 1994, p.9).  Ever since, the youth has played a major role in the public life of the country (Worden, 2000). By being preoccupied with burning political and social problems, the youth in South Africa takes control over their own future. Revolutionary identity, which was developed in 1976 and subsequent decades of struggle against apartheid, is still present in the young generation (Dlamini, 2005). However, youth in South Africa gradually accepts models of behavior typical for other developed nations. The development of youth subcultures is associated with the influence of new technologies and mass media as well as with increasing level of well-being of certain strata of the society (Dolby, 2001). Another reason for this development is that the decades of universal political activism are gone. As politics became routine matter and major social change was brought about by the deeds of young revolutionaries, the attention to politics has been gradually decreasing. At the moment, young people are more interested in solving problems of economic and social nature (Saul, 2005). Thus, other factors prove to be more important in the process of youth identity formation. Speaking about the process of youth identity formation in more detail, it is necessary to note another change that occurred in the recent period. For a long time, identity formation happened across racial lines, since blacks and whites developed subcultures of their own. Yet as the society becomes more just and integrated, there is a need to take into account all other factors influencing identity formation, such as class, gender, and ethnicity: ‘The mutual political accommodation of the essentially human characteristics (identities) of the various categories of black South Africans may accordingly prove to be one of the crucial aspects determining the future of the country’ (Zegeye, 2002, ‘The end of black politics?’, para.5).   Proceeding with the discussion of challenges young people encounter, one of the major problems the youth faces nowadays is associated with lack of social power and deep class segmentation of the society: ‘South African society is, even after the change brought about by the demise of apartheid in the 1990s, characterized by deep segmentation not only on the basis of culture, race, historical background, language and religion, but also on the basis of economic and/or class status’ (Zegeye, 2002, para.7).  Many young people with string revolutionary identity and desire to contribute to social good are trapped in the vicious circle of poverty, isolation, and deprivation. It is of paramount importance for the government to unleash the creative potential of these young South Africans. On the practical level, this can be done by offering universal access to different types of education and crating more employment opportunities for the young. With unemployment on the rise, many young people cannot reap the benefits of vertical mobility and stay in the lower class for the rest of their life, despite their ability and willingness to work hard. Another major preoccupation for young people in South Africa is the HIV/AIDS. The spread of this disease produces a powerful impact on the patters of sexual conduct as well as sexual identity of young people (Peltzer, Pengpid Mashego, 2006). HIV prevalence rate is especially high is young female citizens (Pettifor et. al., 2004). Apart from youth NGOs, church and religious organizations are believed to play a major role in addressing the issue of HIV/AIDS through encouraging healthy sexual behavior patterns in the representatives of 15 to 24 age group which are at the highest risk (Ruden, 2000). Numerous youth organizations address the issue. In fact, it is necessary to mention that during the 1990s youth is South Africa manifested astonishing skills in advocacy and self-organization. As early as in 1992, the National Youth Development Forum as the united platform and the voice for the youth was founded (SAYC, n/d., ‘Historical Background’). Summing up, it is possible to observe that revolutionary identity is still present in the youth, yet activism is directed as solving problems related to social justice, economic empowerment, and public health. References Dlamini, S.N. (2005). Youth and Identity Politics in South Africa, 1990-94. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. Dolby, N.E. (2001). Constructing Race: Youth, Identity, and Popular Culture in South Africa. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. Peltzer, K., Pengpid, S., T.B.Mashego. (2006). Youth Sexuality in the Context of HIV/Aids in South Africa. New York: Nova Science Publishers. Saul, J.S. (2005). The Next Liberation Struggle: Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy in South Africa. New York: Monthly Review Press. Slabbert, van Zyl F., Malan, C., Olivers, K., R. Riordan. (1994). Youth in the new South Africa: Towards policy formation. Pretoria: HSRC Publishers. Worden, N. (2000). The Making of Modern South Africa: Conquest, Segregation and Apartheid, 3rd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. Pettifor, A.E., Measham , D.M., Rees, H.V., N.S. Padian. (November 2004). ‘Sexual Power and HIV Risk: South Africa.’ Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(11), 1996-2004. Ruden, S. (May 17, 2000). ‘AIDS in South Africa: Why the churches matter.’ Christian Century, 117(16), 566S. How to cite The aim of this paper is to discuss achievement in South Africa, Essay examples

Israels Economic Transformation Economic Growth

Question: Discuss about the Israels Economic Transformation for Economic Growth. Answer: Introduction As per the report of Bank of Israel, Israel has witnessed the highest economic growth. There is a surprising rise in the Gross National Product of the economy. It thus indicated the real value of the economy in spite of inflated currency. The population level increased two times after the modern state of Israel came into existence in 1948. The per capita GDP of the economy has increased remarkably since 1960. The economy went ahead of USA in terms of innovation as explained by the Bloomberg innovation index. The report studies the factors that caused the economic transformation in the economy. Gelvin (2014) mentioned that the economic transformation is influenced by the occupation of the individuals, income patter, infrastructure and facilities, market demand, availability of resources and others. This study, therefore, identifies the particular factors that caused economic transformation in Israel. Further analysis is made on the ways in which the economy has changed or time since the young nation had been founding. Economic Policy Settings that Led to the Remarkable Economic Transformation As per the statistics of Israel, it has been observed that the population level grew from 806,000 (1948) to 7.2 million in 2007 (Knesset.gov.il. 2017). The average annual growth rate was 3.8% during the time period 1948 to 2007. With the increase in the population growth, the geographical distribution of Israel has also increased to a significant level. It was 43 individuals per square kilometres in 1948 while it has reached to 316 individuals per square kilometres in 2007 (Mfa.gov.il. 2017). Moreover, after the World War II, the level of education in the economy has gone up to a higher level. In 1955, 631,000 people were there in the labour force count, and this rose to 2.9 million in 2007 (Merkin, Arditi-Babchuk Shohat, 2015). Similarly, there has been growth in the other factors of the economy in terms of standard of living, foreign trade, and technological advancement, manufacturing process, construction, transport, and tourism and accommodation services. The overall growth in t he economy of Israel resulted in mass immigration. According to Horowitz (2014), such an advancement in the economy has been an outcome of the economic policy setting that Israel considers in order to bring about the economic transformation. In the opinion of Webber Smith (2014), among the several economic policy settings, the major factor that contributed the economic boom of Israel was the establishment of Occupation-Settlement Enterprise. The last three or four decades identified Israel as a westernized country, which is wealthy to the world, not only in terms of lifestyle but also regarding self-image. However, this was not the scenario during the 1960s. While studying the reason that helped Israel to achieve economic boom over the same time frame, it can be identified that like Japan, South Korea or Taiwan, Israel too showed a keen interest in export. The other economies became global industrial export powers. Enyedi Volgyes, (2016) pointed out that the export of Israel has not reached the Tiger level, which the above mentioned economies had achieved. The export level of Israel never exceeded the imports until 2010. Thus, the author states that Israel is not an Asian Tiger.' It can therefore, be stated that there are other policy settings that gave way to the economic advancement. The agricultural position of Israel has been outstanding during the 1930s to 1960s. The economy further experienced effective traditional industry from the 1950s to 1980s (Webber Smith, 2014). The concept of neo-liberalism was also a factor that contributed to the economic transformation. In the mid-1980s, the neo-liberal dogma was followed in the macro-economic policy of Israel. This led to continuous improvement in the neo-liberal marks. However, Kazziha (2015) mentioned that neo-liberalism was not the only factors. The massive persistent growth period that Israeli economy experienced was the six years after the 1967 war. There was a doubling in the per capita GDP of Israel in this time duration. Pollock (2017) cited that the indicators that helped to thrive the economy was a rise in the export-import ratio of Israel from 1: 7 in 1948 to 2:3 in 1973. There was also a high jump made by the economy in the industrial labour force from 80,000 in 1950 to above 250,000 in 1973. Simultaneously, there was an increase in productivity in agriculture (Mfa.gov.il. 2017). The farmers of Israel were capable of offering 85 percent of food needs along with exporting nearly about $160 million of food products (Knesset.gov.il. 2017). The economic growth was possible because of the influx of $12 billion in foreign funds since the last 25 years and the immigration of efficient and skilled professionals who were trained from abroad (Jewish Telegraphic Agency, 2017). The government of Israel was recommended to participate n the establishment of $100 million foundations in order to build job opportunities for the new immigrants. The foundation tends to be concerned with the activity of providing jobs to those individuals who held degrees from universities in humanities and social studies. However, the reports suggest that Israel became wealthier due to the start up period of Israels occupation. As observed by Kleinberger (2014), the attributes that to the remarkable economic transformation was education. It acted as a long term growth engine in Israel. The encouragement of the Ultra-orthodox and Arabs to take part in the labour market by providing job scopes and skills also played an active role. The cutting down of the rigid regulations promoted business in the economy. Nevertheless, there was a large amount of investment in transport infrastructure in Israel (Enyedi Volgyes, 2016). The investment involved activities like constructing roads and railways. This investment was made with the intention of connecting the Galilee and Negev together. The Ways in Which the Changes Over Time has Occurred In the initial condition, the Government extensively controlled the economy of Israel. However, with the passage of time, the economy converted itself into a free market economy. The changes came into existence since the 1960s. The policy makers of the economy realized that the government intervention played a huge role. Thus, a slow and gradual process of economic liberalization was considered by Israel. The noticeable change was first observed in the foreign trade. The tariff protection took over the quantitative restrictions on imports. Moreover, the import substitution and export were encouraged using realistic exchange rates. Israel further considered several partial trade agreements such as free trade area agreement (FTA) in industrial goods in 1975, European Economic Community (EEC) in 1964 and the FTA agreement with the US in 1985. The Israeli economy tried to bring changes in the economy over time since the foundation of the Young nation with the support of these policy chan ges (Eh.net, 2017). There was a change in the degree of trade liberalization by the end of 1977. In that duration, the fixed exchange rate system was changed into a floating rate system. This supported the Israeli economy to liberalize the restriction on the capital movement. However, the liberalization process of the capital soon seemed ineffective because of the inflation that came up in Israel. The capital liberalization was possible only after the new century began. The economy considered other liberalization measures during the 1980s and 1990s that were in the form of monetary policies, domestic market capital, and government intervention in the economic activities. However, there was a drastic reduction in the level of government's role. Despite some of the economic function of the government was increased. There was an introduction of health insurance systems and private health providers within the nation. Other social welfare payments such as child allowances, pension to the older person, unempl oyment believes and minimum income support to the individuals, below the poverty line were also increased (Chyutin, 2016). This helped to increase the overall performance of the economy. With better medical facilities, the life expectancy increased (Aharoni, 2014). There were lesser health issues, which further gave rise to individuals productivity. The issues of income inequality were addressed to a large extent. 15 percent of the government's budget was used in the health services by 2003; other 15 percent was for the education and 20 percent was kept for transfer payment through National Insurance Agency. The Israeli economy has been able to achieve this level of growth and prosperity due to the continuous adaptation of economic innovation and ability to cope up with the economic fluctuations (Austin Kumar, 2016). However, there still prevail economic issues such as lack of knowledge regarding reconciling innovation, dislocation of labours, and increased income inequality. It is thus important for the policy makers of Israel to reconsider the policy settings that will help to address the prevailing issues in the economy. Conclusion It cannot be denied that the important growth engine of the economic boom in Israel was the Israeli hi-tech. However, Israeli hi-tech came into consideration during the mid of the 1980s and had matured during 1990s. Thus, the hi-tech was a contribution to support the growing economy. The changes in the policies, reducing the power of government to operate the market, signing treating with partners were some of the approaches. These approaches were considered by the policy makers of Israel in order to bring about the economic transformation since the foundation of the young nation. References A Brief Economic History of Modern Israel. (2017).Eh.net. Retrieved 14 January 2017, from https://eh.net/encyclopedia/a-brief-economic-history-of-modern-israel/ Aharoni, Y. (2014).The Israeli Economy (Routledge Revivals): Dreams and Realities. Routledge. Austin, C. M., Kumar, M. (2016, February). Sovereignty in the global economy: an evolving geopolitical concept. InGeography Research Forum(Vol. 18, pp. 49-63). Chyutin, D. (2016).A hidden light: Judaism, contemporary Israeli film, and the cinematic experience(Doctoral dissertation, University of Pittsburgh). Enyedi, G., Volgyes, I. (Eds.). (2016).The Effect of Modern Agriculture on Rural Development: Comparative Rural Transformation Series. Elsevier. Gelvin, J. L. (2014).The Israel-Palestine conflict: One hundred years of war. Cambridge University Press. Horowitz, D. (2014).The Economics of Israel: The Commonwealth and International Library: Social Administration, Training, Economics, and Production Division. Elsevier. Israels Economic Growth Since 1948 Reported As Highest in the World. (2017).Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Retrieved 14 January 2017, from https://www.jta.org/1973/05/21/archive/israels-economic-growth-since-1948-reported-as-highest-in-the-world Kazziha, W. W. (2015).Palestine in the Arab Dilemma (RLE Israel and Palestine). Routledge. Kleinberger, A. F. (2014).Society, Schools and Progress in Israel: The Commonwealth and International Library: Education and Educational Research. Elsevier. Knesset.gov.il. (2017). Retrieved 24 January 2017, from https://www.knesset.gov.il/govt/eng/GovtByNumber_eng.asp Merkin, S. S., Arditi-Babchuk, H., Shohat, T. (2015). Neighborhood socioeconomic status and self-rated health in Israel: the Israel National Health Interview Survey.International journal of public health,60(6), 651-658. Mfa.gov.il. (2017). Retrieved 24 January 2017, from https://mfa.gov.il/MFA/Pages/default.aspx Pollock, G. (2017).Whats behind Israels biggest economic boom? The occupation | +972 Magazine.972mag.com. Retrieved 14 January 2017, from https://972mag.com/whats-behind-israels-biggest-economic-boom-the-occupation/81038/ Webber, M., Smith, M. (2014).Foreign policy in a transformed world. Routledge